Alfalfa: Contains phytoestrogens, saponins, and coumarins. These compounds exhibit cholesterol-lowering effects by binding bile acids and increasing excretion, while phytoestrogens modulate estrogen receptor activity, potentially reducing menopausal symptoms. Alfalfa also contains triterpene glycosides, which exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting NF-κB and COX-2 pathways, making it useful in treating inflammatory conditions.

Black Pepper: Piperine, the active alkaloid, enhances the bioavailability of curcumin and other substances by inhibiting hepatic and intestinal glucuronidation. Piperine also has neuroprotective properties, possibly by enhancing serotonin and dopamine levels in the brain, and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6.

Bladderwrack: Contains iodine, essential for thyroid hormone synthesis (T3 and T4), regulating basal metabolic rate, and preventing goiters. The polysaccharide fucoidan exhibits anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties, likely through inhibition of P-selectin and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Bladderwrack also contains alginates that act as heavy metal chelators, binding toxic metals like mercury and cadmium, and facilitating their excretion.

Boron Glycinate: Boron modulates the activity of key enzymes like 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, affecting estrogen and testosterone metabolism. It also influences the function of cell membrane receptors for insulin and is involved in magnesium metabolism, improving bone mineral density and reducing markers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein (CRP).

Calcium Carbonate: The primary source of elemental calcium, vital for osteoblast and osteoclast regulation, bone mineralization, and modulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Calcium also plays a crucial role in intracellular signaling, neuromuscular function, and vascular contraction. Deficiency is linked to osteoporosis and osteopenia.

Co-Enzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone): A key component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (complexes I and II), CoQ10 facilitates ATP production and has a crucial role in reducing oxidative damage by regenerating other antioxidants like vitamin E. It also exhibits anti-apoptotic properties, particularly in cardiomyocytes, and has been used in managing heart failure and statin-induced myopathy.

Chromium: Acts by enhancing insulin receptor signaling, increasing GLUT4 translocation to the cell membrane, which facilitates glucose uptake in muscle cells. Chromium also improves lipid profiles by reducing LDL cholesterol and triglycerides while increasing HDL cholesterol, and reduces oxidative stress by modulating nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways.

Copper Bisglycinate: Copper is integral to the activity of enzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase (involved in mitochondrial respiration), lysyl oxidase (important for collagen cross-linking), and superoxide dismutase (an antioxidant enzyme). Copper deficiency leads to oxidative stress, cardiovascular dysfunction, and impaired connective tissue integrity.

Folic Acid (Vit B9): The active form, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), is essential for the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine via methionine synthase, preventing hyperhomocysteinemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. It is also involved in DNA methylation and nucleotide biosynthesis, necessary for cell proliferation, especially in rapidly dividing tissues.

Fulvic Acid: A bioactive humic substance with a low molecular weight, fulvic acid acts as an electron donor and acceptor, enhancing mitochondrial bioenergetics. It chelates minerals, improving their bioavailability, and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and TNF-α.

Ginseng Root (Panax): Ginsenosides, the primary active compounds, modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, reducing stress-induced cortisol production. They also enhance nitric oxide production, improve vascular endothelial function, and exhibit neuroprotective effects via the regulation of Nrf2 and BDNF pathways, protecting against oxidative stress and neuronal injury.

Iron Ferrous Bisglycinate: The bisglycinate chelate increases bioavailability and reduces gastrointestinal side effects compared to other forms of iron. Iron, is essential for heme synthesis, a component of haemoglobin and myoglobin, facilitating oxygen transport and storage. It also functions as a cofactor for cytochromes in mitochondrial electron transport and for enzymes involved in DNA synthesis and repair.

L-Acetyl L-Carnitine: Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) crosses the blood-brain barrier and enhances acetylcholine production, supporting cognitive function. It facilitates the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation, improving energy production. ALCAR also modulates neuroinflammatory processes by reducing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

L-Arginine: A precursor to nitric oxide (NO) via endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), L-arginine promotes vasodilation, enhancing blood flow and reducing blood pressure. It also supports immune function by promoting T-cell proliferation and is involved in wound healing through the synthesis of proline, a precursor to collagen.

L-Citrulline: Converted to L-arginine in the kidneys, increasing NO production and improving endothelial function. Citrulline also enhances the urea cycle, aiding in ammonia removal, a byproduct of protein metabolism. It improves athletic performance by increasing ATP production and delaying muscle fatigue.

L-Glycine: Functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, modulating NMDA receptor activity and reducing excitotoxicity. Glycine is also a precursor to glutathione, the body’s primary antioxidant, and plays a crucial role in collagen synthesis, supporting tissue repair and regeneration.

L-Glutamine: A key substrate for enterocytes in the gut, glutamine maintains intestinal barrier integrity and modulates inflammatory cytokine production, reducing intestinal permeability. It also serves as a nitrogen donor for nucleotide synthesis, supporting cell proliferation and immune function.

L-Lysine: Lysine is a precursor for hydroxylysine, essential for collagen cross-linking, and aids in the absorption of calcium, reducing the risk of osteoporosis. Lysine also exhibits antiviral properties by competing with arginine, which is required for the replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV).

L-Methionine: A sulphur-containing amino acid involved in methylation processes, methionine is converted to S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), a methyl donor for DNA, proteins, and lipids. It is also a precursor to cysteine, facilitating glutathione synthesis, which protects cells from oxidative damage.

L-Proline: A major component of collagen, proline is involved in wound healing and maintaining skin elasticity. It also contributes to cellular osmotic balance and is important for maintaining the structural integrity of connective tissues, including cartilage and tendons.

L-Tyrosine: A precursor for catecholamines, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, tyrosine supports cognitive function and stress response by replenishing neurotransmitter stores during prolonged stress or intense mental tasks. It also aids in the synthesis of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, supporting metabolism.

Manganese AAC: Manganese is a cofactor for superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme that neutralizes superoxide radicals. It is also involved in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, crucial for cartilage and bone formation, and plays a role in glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function.

MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane): A sulphur donor, MSM is involved in the synthesis of sulphur-containing amino acids and connective tissue components like chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid. It also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

N-Acetyl L-Carnitine: Same as L-carnitine, N-acetyl L-carnitine enhances mitochondrial bioenergetics and reduces oxidative stress. It has neuroprotective effects by promoting acetylcholine production and protecting against neurodegenerative processes. It also improves insulin sensitivity and reduces lipid peroxidation in metabolic disorders.

N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC): NAC is a precursor to glutathione and plays a vital role in detoxification by replenishing intracellular glutathione stores. It also acts as a mucolytic agent by breaking disulfide bonds in mucus, improving lung function in conditions like COPD. NAC has been shown to modulate inflammation and reduce oxidative stress in the liver, aiding in the treatment of acetaminophen toxicity.

Selenium: As a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase, selenium protects cells from oxidative damage by reducing hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides. It also plays a crucial role in thyroid hormone metabolism by converting thyroxine (T4) to the more active triiodothyronine (T3), supporting metabolism and immune function.

Taurine: Taurine regulates calcium homeostasis, osmoregulation, and membrane stabilization in excitable tissues like the heart and muscles. It also acts as an antioxidant, protecting mitochondria from oxidative stress, and supports bile salt formation, improving lipid digestion and cholesterol excretion.

Turmeric: The active compound, curcumin, inhibits NF-κB, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. It also modulates oxidative stress by enhancing the activity of endogenous antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Curcumin has been studied for its role in reducing inflammation in chronic diseases like arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Vitamin A Acetate: Retinol is essential for the synthesis of rhodopsin, a photopigment in the retina necessary for low-light and colour vision. It also regulates gene expression involved in cellular differentiation and immune function, particularly in maintaining the integrity of epithelial barriers.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is a coenzyme in the decarboxylation of α-keto acids and the transketolase reaction in the pentose phosphate pathway, essential for ATP production. Deficiency leads to impaired glucose metabolism, resulting in neurological and cardiovascular disorders such as beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin): Methylcobalamin is essential for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), a methyl donor involved in DNA methylation and neurotransmitter synthesis. It also supports red blood cell formation and neurological function, preventing megaloblastic anaemia and peripheral neuropathy.

Vitamin B3 (Nicotinamide): Nicotinamide is a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a coenzyme involved in redox reactions, DNA repair, and the regulation of cellular metabolism. It also has anti-inflammatory effects in the skin and is used therapeutically for conditions like acne and rosacea.

Vitamin B5 (Calcium D-Pantothenate): Pantothenic acid is a precursor to coenzyme A (CoA), involved in fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and acetylcholine synthesis. It supports adrenal function, reduces stress-related fatigue, and enhances wound healing by promoting epithelial cell proliferation.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), the active form, is involved in over 100 enzymatic reactions, including amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis (e.g., serotonin, dopamine), and haemoglobin production. It also reduces homocysteine levels, lowering cardiovascular risk.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Ascorbic acid functions as a cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase, an enzyme critical for collagen synthesis. It also acts as an antioxidant, regenerating other antioxidants like vitamin E, and supports immune function by promoting leukocyte activity and reducing oxidative stress during infections.

Vitamin C (Ascorbyl Palmitate): A fat-soluble form of vitamin C, that protects lipid membranes from oxidative damage and supports skin health by promoting collagen production and reducing photoaging. It also enhances immune defense and modulates inflammatory pathways.

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol): Cholecalciferol is converted to calcitriol, the biologically active form, which regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis by increasing intestinal absorption and promoting bone mineralization. Vitamin D3 also modulates the immune response, reducing autoimmunity and the risk of infections.

Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol Acetate): Alpha-tocopherol is a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from peroxidation by neutralizing free radicals. It also modulates immune function, reduces platelet aggregation, and supports skin repair by enhancing keratinocyte differentiation.

Vitamin K2 (Vital): Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) activates osteocalcin and matrix Gla-protein, regulating calcium deposition in bones and preventing arterial calcification. It works synergistically with vitamin D to enhance bone mineral density and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Wheatgrass: Rich in chlorophyll, vitamins A, C, and E, and minerals like magnesium and iron, wheatgrass exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Chlorophyll supports detoxification by binding to carcinogens and other toxins, while vitamins and minerals enhance cellular repair and immune function.

Zinc Ascorbate: Zinc is a cofactor for over 300 enzymes involved in DNA synthesis, cell division, and protein synthesis. Critical in immune function, wound healing, and reducing oxidative stress. Zinc ascorbate combines the immune-enhancing effects of zinc and vitamin C, particularly in reducing the duration of common infections such as colds.