·     Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)

• Key Compounds: Cinnamaldehyde, Eugenol
• Mechanism:
  • Potent antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects through microbial membrane disruption.
  • Enhances circulatory stimulation, improving oxygen delivery to tissues.
  • Stimulates white blood cell activity, particularly macrophages.

·     Clove Bud (Syzygium aromaticum)

• Key Compounds: Eugenol
• Mechanism:
  • Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.
  • Inhibits inflammatory mediators including COX-2 and TNF-α.
  • Acts as a local anaesthetic and antioxidant, supporting mucosal healing.

·     Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)

• Key Compounds: 1,8-Cineole, Camphor, α-Pinene
• Mechanism:
  • Enhances circulatory perfusion to lymphatic and peripheral immune tissues.
  • Stimulates T-cell and leukocyte mobilization.
  • Promotes respiratory opening via bronchodilation.

·     Lemon (Citrus limon)

• Key Compounds: Limonene, Citral, β-Pinene
• Mechanism:
  • Boosts lymphatic drainage and microvascular flow.
  • Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory for upper respiratory tissue.
  • Supports detoxification and cellular antioxidant activity.

·     Eucalyptus radiata (Eucalyptus radiata)

• Key Compounds: 1,8-Cineole
• Mechanism:
  • Mucolytic and anti-inflammatory for airway congestion.
  • Enhances alveolar oxygen exchange.
  • Stimulates phagocytic immune responses.

Carrier Oils:

MCT Oil

• Facilitates rapid lipophilic absorption into dermal and lymphatic vessels.
• Non-comedogenic and well-tolerated.

Grapeseed Oil

• Contains vitamin E and polyphenols, enhancing antioxidant effects.
• Improves dermal penetration and barrier protection.

 Mechanistic Summary Table